Space-temporal analysis of the Specialized Services of the Health Care Network for Persons with Disabilities in Brazil.

Considering the institution of the Care Network for People with Disabilities (RCPD) in Brazil, this study analyzed the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of implementing specialized services that received financial support in the first eight years of this policy. We realized an ecological study based on the National Register of Health Facilities data from April/2012 to March/2020. A joinpoint regression was used for temporal trend analysis, and thematic maps were produced for spatial analysis of rehabilitation modalities and types of services. The most available services were physical and intellectual rehabilitation. The Southeast and Northeast regions had a higher concentration of specialized services. Despite the lower number of services, there was an average annual growth between 9.6% and 41.3%. This finding indicates an increase in specialized services for people with disabilities in the period analyzed, but care gaps are still being verified in the macro-regions of Brazil.

Produção assistencial de um Centro Especializado em Reabilitação: análise de atendimentos por modalidade e especialidades / Assistance provided by a Specialized Rehabilitation Center: an analysis of the care offered per modality and specialties / Producción asistencial de un Centro Especializado de Rehabilitación: análisis de la atención por modalidad y especialidades

Introdução: a assistência à pessoa com deficiência no Brasil vem sendo ampliada ao longo dos anos, a partir do avanço das discussões sobre os Direitos Humanos e legislações publicadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Objetivo: analisar a produção assistencial de um Centro Especializado em Reabilitação. Métodos: trata-se de estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, realizado com dados secundários de produção ambulatorial do período de abril de 2019 a março de 2020. Resultados: foi possível observar maior número de usuários assistidos na modalidade auditiva, posteriormente na modalidade física, intelectual e visual. Houve maior proporção de atendimentos multidisciplinares na modalidade intelectual e física; ao sexo feminino, exceto na modalidade intelectual; e a crianças, exceto na modalidade auditiva. Quanto às equipes mínimas, na modalidade auditiva, o fonoaudiólogo foi o profissional que realizou maior número de atendimentos; na física, o fisioterapeuta; na intelectual, o fisioterapeuta, seguido pelo fonoaudiólogo e terapeuta ocupacional; na reabilitação visual, o terapeuta ocupacional. Houve diferença com significância estatística quando comparadas as modalidades visual e intelectual em relação ao sexo; e o número de atendimentos por especialidades quando comparado à faixa etária. Conclusão: o estudo retrata a estrutura e oferta de atendimentos multidisciplinares realizados para as pessoas com deficiência que frequentam um serviço especializado em reabilitação. (AU)

Introduction: assistance to people with disabilities in Brazil has been expanded over the years, from the advancement of discussions on Human Rights, and legislation published by the Ministry of Health. Objective: to analyze the care production of a Specialized Center in Rehabilitation. Methods: this is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, conducted with secondary data of outpatient production from April 2019 to March 2020. Results: it was possible to observe a greater number of users assisted in the auditory modality, later in the physical, intellectual and visual modality, there was a higher proportion of multidisciplinary care in the intellectual and physical modality; female gender, except in the intellectual modality; and children, except in the auditory mode. As for the minimum teams, in the auditory modality the speech therapist was the professional who performed the highest number of consultations; in physics the physiotherapist; in the intellectual the physiotherapist, followed by the speech therapist and occupational therapist; in visual rehabilitation the occupational therapist. There was a statistically significant difference when comparing the visual and intellectual modalities in relation to gender; and the number of visits by specialties when compared to age group. Conclusion: the study portrays the structure and offer of multidisciplinary care provided to people with disabilities, who attend a specialized service in rehabilitation. (AU)

Introducción: la asistencia a las personas con discapacidad em Brasil se ha ampliado a lo largo de los años, a partir del avance de las discusiones sobre Derechos Humanos y la legislación publicada por el Ministerio de Salud. Objetivo: analizar la producción asistencial de un Centro Especializado em Rehabilitación. Métodos: se trata de un estúdio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, realizado con datos secundarios de producción ambulatoria de abril de 2019 a marzo de 2020. Resultados: fue posible observar un mayor número de usuários atendidos en la modalidade auditiva, posteriormente en la modalidade física, intelectual y visual, hubo una mayor proporción de atención multidisciplinaria en la modalidade intelectual y física; género femenino, excepto en la modalidade intelectual; y niños, excepto em el modo auditivo. En cuanto a los equipos mínimos, en la modalidade auditiva el logopeda fue el profesional que realizó mayor número de consultas; em física el fisioterapeuta; em el intelectual el fisioterapeuta, seguido por el logopeda y el terapeuta ocupacional; em rehabilitación visual el terapeuta ocupacional. Hubo uma diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar las modalidades visuales e intelectuales em relación con el género; y el número de visitas por especialidades em comparación con el grupo de edad. Conclusión: el estúdio retrata la estructura y la oferta de atención multidisciplinaria prestada a las personas con discapacidad, que asisten a un servicio especializado em rehabilitación. (AU)

Gynecologic Care in Women With Down Syndrome: Findings From a National Registry.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate receipt of recommended gynecologic care, including cancer screening and menstrual care, among women with Down syndrome in the United States. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women participating in DS-Connect, the National Institute of Health's registry of women with Down syndrome. Using 2013-2019 survey data, we estimated the proportion of women receiving recommended age-appropriate well-woman care (Pap tests, mammogram, breast examination, pelvic examination) and compared receipt of gynecologic care to receipt of other preventive health care. We also estimated proportion receiving care for menstrual regulation. RESULTS: Of 70 participants with Down syndrome, 23% (95% CI 13-33) of women received all recommended gynecologic components of a well-woman examination. Forty-four percent (95% CI 32-56) of women aged 18 years and older reported ever having a gynecologic examination, and 26% (95% CI 15-37) reported ever having a Pap test. Of women aged 40 years or older, 50% (95% CI 22-78) had had a mammogram. Fifty-two percent (95% CI 41-65) had tried medication for menstrual regulation, and 89% (95% CI 81-96) received all recommended components of nongynecologic routine health care. CONCLUSION: Women with Down syndrome received gynecologic care, including cancer screening, at lower-than-recommended rates and at substantially lower rates than other forms of health care. Efforts to improve gynecologic care in this vulnerable population are needed.

Pregnancy Intendedness by Maternal Disability Status and Type in the United States.

CONTEXT: Societal views about sexuality and parenting among people with disabilities may limit these individuals' access to sex education and the full range of reproductive health services, and put them at increased risk for -unintended pregnancies. To date, however, no national population-based studies have examined pregnancy -intendedness among U.S. women with disabilities. METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses of data from the 2011-2013 and 2013-2015 waves of the National Survey of Family Growth were conducted; the sample included 5,861 pregnancies reported by 3,089 women. The proportion of pregnancies described as unintended was calculated for women with any type of disability, women with each of five types of disabilities and women with no disabilities. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship of disability status and type with pregnancy intendedness while adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: A higher proportion of pregnancies were unintended among women with disabilities than among women without disabilities (53% vs. 36%). Women with independent living disability had the highest proportion of unintended pregnancies (62%). In regression analyses, the odds that a pregnancy was unintended were greater among women with any type of disability than among women without disabilities (odds ratio, 1.4), and were also elevated among women with hearing disability, cognitive disability or independent living disability (1.5-1.9). CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to understand differences in unintended pregnancy by type and extent of disability. People with disabilities should be fully included in sex education, and their routine care should incorporate discussion of reproductive planning.

Mapping first-line health care providers' roles, practices, and impacts on care for workers with compensable musculoskeletal disorders in four jurisdictions: A critical interpretive synthesis.

BACKGROUND: First-line health care providers are the primary access point for workers' benefits. However, little is known about their impact on quality of care and return-to-work. Our objective was to critically compare literature on the practices of first-line providers for workers with musculoskeletal injuries in Ontario and Quebec (Canada), Washington State (United States), and Victoria (Australia). METHODS: A critical interpretive synthesis of peer-reviewed scientific literature was conducted. The search across six databases yielded 59 relevant publications that were critically appraised. RESULTS: Three themes emerged: 1) how policies about first-line health care providers' modulate worker access to care, 2) how these providers' roles, practices, and training shape disability management, and 3) how the quality of care and disability outcomes are evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: First-line health care providers have a critical influence on workers' trajectories of care. A focus on their role while taking the complexity of the context into account will help orient future policy changes.

Comprehensive preventive care assessments for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Part 2: 2003 to 2014.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if there has been an increase in preventive care among adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) as a result of the publication of the Canadian consensus guidelines on the care of adults with IDD in 2006 and 2011. DESIGN: Ecological study. SETTING: Ontario. PARTICIPANTS: The study group consisted of community-dwelling adults with IDD between the ages of 40 and 64 living in Ontario identified in 2009-2010 through administrative health and social services data. The comparison group consisted of a propensity-score-matched sample of the remaining Ontario population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A combined measure of a health examination or a Primary Care Quality Composite Score (PCQS) of 0.6 or greater, or both. Both measures were identified using administrative health data. RESULTS: Adults with IDD were 2.04% more likely to have had a health examination or a PCQS of 0.6 or greater before 2011-2012 and 1.70% less likely after 2011-2012. Adults without IDD were 1.03% more likely before 2011-2012 and 13.74% less likely after 2011-2012 to have had a health examination or a PCQS of 0.6 or greater. Male patients with IDD were 15.60% more likely and male patients without IDD were 7.39% less likely to have had a health examination or PCQS of 0.6 or greater compared with female patients. CONCLUSION: Despite the publication of the guidelines there has not been a corresponding increase in the uptake of the annual health examination or in the quality of preventive care among adults with IDD. More is required to reduce this documented inequity in care.

Improving the quality of primary care for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Value of the periodic health examination.

OBJECTIVE: To implement a Health Check protocol for patients with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and assess outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review and staff survey. SETTING: Two Ontario family health teams. PARTICIPANTS: Of 276 patients with IDD identified, 139 received the Health Check (Health Check group). A convenience sample (N = 147) of clinical staff participated in the survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The protocol included patient identification, invitation, and modified health examination. Chart review assessed completion of 8 preventive maneuvers, and clinical staff were surveyed on their comfort, knowledge, and skills in care of patients with IDD. Logistic regression analyses were used to compare outcomes for the Health Check and non-Health Check groups, adjusted for practice site. RESULTS: Documentation of blood pressure, weight, body mass index, and influenza vaccination was significantly higher (P < .001) in the Health Check group, exceeding 70% of patients. Screening rates were higher for mammograms (63% vs 54%), fecal occult blood testing (39% vs 23%), and diabetes testing (80% vs 61%), but not significantly so, and they were similar to general population rates. Papanicolaou test rates were low for both groups (34% vs 32%). Staff comfort and skills were rated significantly higher (P < .05) for those who performed the Health Check. Still, fewer than half thought they had the necessary skills and resources to care for patients with IDD. CONCLUSION: Performing the Health Check was associated with improved preventive care and staff experience. Wider implementation and evaluation is needed, along with protocol adjustments to provide more support to staff for this work.

Relationships Between Wheelchair Services Received and Wheelchair User Outcomes in Less-Resourced Settings: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Kenya and the Philippines.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between wheelchair services received during wheelchair provision and positive outcomes for users of wheelchairs. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data. SETTING: Urban and periurban communities in Kenya and the Philippines. PARTICIPANTS: Adult basic manual wheelchair users (N=852), about half of whom reported having received some wheelchair services with the provision of their current wheelchairs. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants completed a survey that included questions related to demographic, clinical, and wheelchair characteristics. The survey also included questions about the past receipt of 13 wheelchair services and 4 positive outcomes for users of wheelchairs. The relationships between individual services received and positive outcomes were assessed using logistic regression analyses. In addition to assessing individual services and outcomes, we analyzed a composite service score (the total number of services received) and a composite outcome score (≥3 positive outcomes). RESULTS: The top 3 individual services from the perspective of relationships with the composite outcome score were "provider did training" (P=.0009), "provider assessed wheelchair fit while user propelled the wheelchair" (P=.002), and "peer group training received" (P=.033). The composite service score was significantly related to "daily wheelchair use" (P<.0001), "outdoor unassisted wheelchair use" (P<.0001), "high performance of activities of daily living" (P=.046) and the composite outcome score (P=.005), but not to the "absence of serious falls" (P=.73). CONCLUSIONS: The receipt of wheelchair services is associated with positive outcomes for users of wheelchairs, but such relationships do not exist for all services and outcomes. These findings are highly relevant to ongoing efforts to optimize wheelchair service delivery.

Deaf Child and Adolescent Consumers of Public Behavioral Health Services.

This study describes the demographic profiles of 1,164 deaf children and adolescents who are consumers of the public behavioral health services in the state of Maryland. Up until recent years, data about deaf adults, children, and youth were unavailable. Over the past couple years, items to the Outcomes Measurement System (OMS) Interview included questions such as "primary language" and boxes to indicate if the participant was "deaf." The data presented in this paper are extracted from the state database of all consumers of public behavioral health services from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2018. The sample included 1,166 deaf children and adolescents. The results include a demographic profile of deaf children on the OMS items, including the likelihood of being diagnosed with specific disorders. The results of this sample were also compared to the aggregate results on hearing children and adolescents. Results indicate that deaf youth are homeless at lower rates than their hearing counterparts. They are employed less and less likely to be arrested than their hearing counterparts. Reports of smoking, psychosocial functioning, school performance, and substance use were similar to hearing children and adolescents.

Description of the Services, Activities, and Interventions Within School-Based Physical Therapist Practices Across the United States.

Background: Students with disabilities receive school-based physical therapy services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004. Little research exists regarding therapy services in schools. Objective: This study explored the school-based services that students received and the activities and interventions that physical therapists implemented, and determined if services differed based on the student's functional gross motor ability and age. Design: This was a prospective observational cohort study using a practice-based evidence design. Methods: Data were collected by 109 physical therapists for 296 students, aged 5 to 12 years, receiving school-based physical therapy. Physical therapists completed the School-Physical Therapy Interventions for Pediatrics data form for 20 weeks during 1 school year. This evaluation included the type of service delivery, the amount of time spent on each student (consultation/documentation), minutes spent in activities, the specific interventions implemented, and the student's level of participation. The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was used to describe the students' functional ability. Results: Physical therapists provided an average of 26.7 min/wk (standard deviation [SD] = 15.1) of direct services and 13.1 min/wk (SD = 7.7) of services on behalf of the student. Primary activities were physical education/recreation (7.7 min/wk, SD = 8.2), mobility (6.7 min/wk, SD = 7.9), and sitting/standing/transitions (6.3 min/wk, SD = 8.1). Primary interventions were neuromuscular (32.5 counts per student, SD = 15.9), mobility (15.3 counts per student, SD = 14.65), and musculoskeletal (14.4 counts per student, SD = 10.3). Differences existed based on GMFCS but not student age. Limitations: Physical therapists reported School-Physical Therapy Interventions for Pediatrics data weekly, not necessarily after each therapy session. The GMFCS was used as a proxy of students' functional gross motor ability. Conclusions: Our description of services is provided to encourage physical therapists to reflect on the services they provide and to foster future examinations of service effectiveness.

[Exploration of Service Needs of Persons who are Deaf, Communicate in LSQ and who Present Mental Health Issues]. / Exploration des besoins de services des personnes sourdes locutrices LSQ présentant des troubles de santé mentale.

Introduction Lack of access to mental health services for persons who are deaf and communicate in LSQ and who present mental health issues has been noted by service providers. However, very few studies have examined the needs of this population in Quebec. Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the needs with regards to services of persons who are deaf and communicate in LSQ and who have mental health issues. Methods A qualitative single case study design was used. The case was the territory affiliated to a specialized rehabilitation center in deafness and communication in Montreal. The sample was composed of clinicians and administrators of this center and community organizations (n = 12), persons who are deaf and communicate in LSQ and had mental health issues (n = 4), as well as family members (n = 1). Each participant took part in a semi-structured individual interview. A verification of the information provided was done in person or by phone one month later. A thematic content analysis was done for all the transcriptions, following the recommendations of Miles and Huberman (2003). Results Certain services that were seen as needed did not exist, such as support groups and networks for the deaf who have mental health issues or leisure activities in community services. Certain services were available but several obstacles limited their use. For example, a lack of knowledge about deafness and the deaf culture in the health care system that lead to consequences such as incorrect diagnoses or difficulty in establishing a therapeutic alliance. Conclusion What seemed to be consensual among these participants was the importance to have access to clinicians in the various health care establishments with a very good knowledge of mental illness, deafness as well as linguistic and cultural aspects that characterize the deaf population.

Healthcare use for children with complex needs: using routine health data linked to a multiethnic, ongoing birth cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Congenital anomaly (CA) are a leading cause of disease, death and disability for children throughout the world. Many have complex and varying healthcare needs which are not well understood. Our aim was to analyse the healthcare needs of children with CA and examine how that healthcare is delivered. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of observational data from the Born in Bradford study, a large prospective birth cohort, linked to primary care data and hospital episode statistics. Negative binomial regression with 95% CIs was performed to predict healthcare use. The authors conducted a subanalysis on referrals to specialists using paper medical records for a sample of 400 children. SETTING: Primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare services in a large city in the north of England. PARTICIPANTS: All children recruited to the birth cohort between March 2007 and December 2011. A total of 706 children with CA and 10 768 without CA were included in the analyses. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Healthcare use for children with and without CA aged 0 to <5 years was the primary outcome measure after adjustment for confounders. RESULTS: Primary care consultations, use of hospital services and referrals to specialists were higher for children with CA than those without. Children in economically deprived neighbourhoods were more likely to be admitted to hospital than consult primary care. Children with CA had a higher use of hospital services (ß 1.48, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.59) than primary care consultations (ß 0.24, 95% CI 1.18 to 0.30). Children with higher educated mothers were less likely to consult primary care and hospital services. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital services are most in demand for children with CA, but also for children who were economically deprived whether they had a CA or not. The complex nature of CA in children requires multidisciplinary management and strengthened coordination between primary and secondary care.

Reproductive Cancer Treatment Hospitalizations of U.S. Women With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.

There is a dearth of existing research on the treatment of reproductive cancers among women with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). This study analyzed the 2010 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample and compared the prevalence of reproductive cancer treatment hospitalization discharges among women with and without IDD. Discharges linked to women with IDD had higher incidences of cancer of the uterus and lower prevalence of cancer of the cervix. Moreover, discharges linked to women with IDD indicated these women were younger, had longer hospital stays, and were more likely to have public insurance coverage. Therefore, further research and targeted interventions to increase cancer prevention and screening are urgently needed.

Disability, Chronic Diseases and Access to Healthcare in Jamaica / Discapacidad, Enfermedades Crónicas y Acceso a la Salud en Jamaica

ABSTRACT Objective: To look at healthcare delivery for persons with disabilities in Jamaica. Methods: A quantitative survey of persons with disabilities using a systematic random sampling technique with respondents selected from the database of the Jamaica Council for Persons with Disabilities. Results: Participants included 1014 persons with disabilities. The results showed that persons with disabilities were regular users of the public health system and that the major chronic illnesses identified among respondents were diabetes mellitus, mental illness and hypertension. Conclusion: Persons with disabilities are regular users of the public health system and so efforts must be made to consistently educate these individuals about ways to maximize use of this service.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Examinar la prestación de servicios de salud a las personas discapacitadas en Jamaica. Métodos: Un estudio cuantitativo de las personas con discapacidad que utiliza una técnica de muestreo aleatorio sistemática con los encuestados seleccionados de la base de datos del Consejo de Jamaica para las Personas con Discapacidad. Resultados: Los participantes incluyeron 1014 personas con discapacidad. Los resultados mostraron que las personas con discapacidad eran usuarios regulares del sistema de salud pública, y que las principales enfermedades crónicas identificadas entre los encuestados eran la diabetes mellitus, las enfermedades mentales y la hipertensión. Conclusión: Las personas con discapacidad son usuarios regulares del sistema de salud pública, por lo que se deben hacer esfuerzos para educar sistemáticamente a estos individuos sobre las formas de maximizar el uso de este servicio.

The Outcomes and Impact Scale - Revised: the psychometric properties of a scale assessing the impact of service provision.

BACKGROUND: The Outcomes and Impact Scale - Revised (O&IS-R) was developed to measure the impact of service provision on adults with disability. The aim of this research was to explore the psychometric properties of the scale following a recent revision. METHOD: Adults with disability and/or their carers or support workers participated in the research. Participants were recruited across Australia using a range of strategies and completed the scale in relation to a service or support that they nominated. Two forms of the scale were developed (easy and standard English), which could be completed in hardcopy or via a bespoke website. RESULTS: The O&IS-R demonstrated good internal consistency and alternate form reliability. Factor analysis of the scale revealed one factor that clearly corresponded to the whole of life construct that the scale was designed to measure and, in general, participants with disability and staff understood the intent or purpose of the survey. All domains except the spiritual and political domain were considered to be relevant service outcomes. Some changes to wording were suggested to improve clarity. CONCLUSIONS: The O&IS-R is a psychometrically sound scale that can be used in service and research settings to measure the impact of services and supports.

[DISEASE BURDEN OP DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY PATIENTS AND THEIR CAREGIVERS]. / DUCHENNE-FÉLE IZOMDISZTRÓFIÁVAL ÉLO BETEGEK ÉS GONDOZÓIK BETEGSÉGTERHEI.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Data on the disease burden of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy are scarce in Hungary. The aim of this study was to assess patients' and their caregivers' health related quality of life and healthcare utilisations. METHODS: A cross sectional survey was performed as part of the European BURQOL-RD project. The EQ-5D-5L and Barthel Index questionnaires were applied, health care utilisations and patients' informal carers were surveyed. RESULTS: One symptomatic female carer, 50 children (boys 94%) and six adult patients (five males) participated in the study, the latter two subgroups were included in the analysis. The average age was 9.7 (SD = 4.6) and 24.3 (SD = 9.8) years, respectively. Median age at time of diagnosis was three years. The average EQ-5D score among children and adults was 0.198 (SD = 0.417) and 0.244 (SD = 0.322), respectively, the Barthel Index was 57.6 (SD = 29.9) and 53.0 (SD = 36.5). Score of satisfaction with healthcare (10-point Likert-scale) was mean 5.3 (SD = 2.1) and 5.3 (SD = 2.9). 15 children were hospitalised in the past 12 months for mean 12.9 (SD = 24.5) days. Two patients received help from professional carer. 25 children (mean age 11.1, SD = 4.4 years) were helped/supervisied by principal informal carer (parent) for mean 90.1 (SD = 44.4) hours/week and further family members helped in 21 cases. Correlation between EQ-5D and Barthel Index was strong and significant (0.731; p < 0.01) as well as with informal care time (-0.770; p < 0.01), but correlation with satisfaction with health care was not significant (EQ-5D: 0.241; Barthel Index: 0.219; informal care: -0.142). CONCLUSION: Duchenne muscular dystrophy leads to a significant deterioration in the quality of life of patients. Parents play outstanding role in the care of affected children. This study is the first in the Central and Eastern European region that provides quality of life data in this rare disease for further health economic studies.

Accessing disability services by people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia.

PURPOSE: To examine whether differences in access to specialist disability services by people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds when compared with those born in Australia represent a service gap or the healthy migrant effect. METHOD: To use the latest disability statistics to measure the different rates of people with disability, and the rates of people with profound and severe disability, of people born in Australia and those born abroad; to compare the difference between those who mainly speak English with those who primarily speak a language other than English at home (LOTE); and examine the age-specific and standardised disability rates of these subgroups. RESULTS: The rate of access of specialist disability services by people with disability who were from CALD backgrounds is highly disproportionate to their presence in the community. As a whole, people from CALD backgrounds have a similar level of disability as Australia-born people. They have a greater rate of profound and severe disability and a higher level of need for assistance in undertaking core activities. For younger age cohorts targeted by specialist disability services, there is little difference in the level of need for assistance between people from CALD backgrounds and the rest of community. Those people who mainly speak LOTE at home have a relatively higher level of need for assistance than those who speak mainly English at home. CONCLUSIONS: The paper reveals a substantial gap in specialist disability services between people from CALD and the broader community. This cannot be explained by the difference in the level of need for assistance between Australia-born and overseas-born populations, therefore raises some policy questions as to the barriers to the use of such services and how to effectively narrow the service access gap and improve utilisation rates. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: The paper reveals a substantial accessibility gap in specialist disability services between people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds and the broader community in Australia. Rehabilitation is a large component of disability services. Therefore, understanding the gap, promoting the awareness of the services, developing appropriate and effective services to respond the need of people with disability from CALD backgrounds, are critically important to rehabilitation services and related research.

Service utilisation in a public post-acute rehabilitation unit following traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes disability in a proportion of survivors across the spectrum of injury severity. Previous research suggests physical changes are the primary focus of rehabilitation, although cognitive, emotional and behavioural difficulties cause greater concern in the long-term. There is little information about services accessed by those with mild injuries, who often have no physical disabilities. This study investigated factors determining service utilisation in a population-based sample which included 52% mild injuries (PTA ≤ 24 hours). Chi-squares and t-tests were used to examine the impact of demographic, clinical, psychological and physical variables on referral of 175 TBI patients to clinical disciplines in a public, community-based rehabilitation facility in Hobart, Tasmania. Increased service intensity (total disciplines referred to), was associated with greater injury severity (p = .006) and previous TBI (p = .041). Less traditional rehabilitation services (nursing, psychology) received more referrals than traditional disciplines (physiotherapy, occupational therapy, social work). Referral to physiotherapy and occupational therapy was associated with greater injury severity, functional dependence, hospitalisation and older age. Referral to nursing, psychology and social work was associated with more post-concussion symptoms, younger age, anxiety, depression and assault-related injury. The large number of referrals to psychology strengthens the case for including it as a core rehabilitation discipline.

Disparities in health care access and receipt of preventive services by disability type: analysis of the medical expenditure panel survey.

OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in access to health care and receipt of clinical preventive services by type of disability among working-age adults with disabilities. DATA SOURCE: Secondary analysis of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data from 2002 to 2008. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted cross-sectional logistic regression analyses comparing people with different types of disabilities on health insurance status and type; presence of a usual source of health care; delayed or forgone care; and receipt of dental checkups and cancer screening. DATA COLLECTION: We pooled annualized MEPS data files across years. Our analytic sample consisted of adults (18-64 years) with physical, sensory, or cognitive disabilities and nonmissing data for all variables of interest. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Individuals with hearing impairment had better health care access and receipt than people with other disability types. People with multiple types of limitations were especially likely to have health care access problems and unmet health care needs. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in health care access and receipt of preventive care depending on what type of disability people have. More in-depth research is needed to identify specific causes of these disparities and assess interventions to address health care barriers for particular disability groups.